Read at least 10 peer-reviewed articles. Provide the following for each source that you are adding to the document: The APA-formatted citation.A brief annotation of the key points of the source.An ind

Read at least 10 peer-reviewed articles. Provide the following for each source that you are adding to the document: The APA-formatted citation.A brief annotation of the key points of the source.An ind
Running head: SHORTENED TITLE 0 Effects of Parental Incarceration on Young Children Name University August 30, 2020 Literature Review Resources One of the most important aspects of your research will be how you organize your resources. RefWorks is an optional citation management software tool you can sign up to use that helps organize your citations. To find out more about how to sign up for your free, optional RefWorks account, review the information here: http://libguides.gcu.edu/refworksandendnote. Number Article Information: Be sure entries are presented in alphabetical order. Added to RefWorks? Y or N (optional) Reference Brookes, L. (2018). Why we need to listen to children of prisoners. European Journal of Education, 53(3), 271–274. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejed.12278 Permalink https://eds-b-ebscohost-com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/eds/detail/detail?vid=2&sid=e762f3be-7e9f-4993-b2d0-96c6b5600ab4%40sessionmgr101&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#AN=edsgcl.550973001&db=edsgao Annotation This article contains data on the overwhelming number of children effected by parental incarceration. The author discussed raising parenteral incarceration rates and the negative impact on young. The author used linked organized data and very rigorous methods, to present evidence that shows that children with incarcerated parents are often not question by government officials, recognized, or properly counted. This is an extremely comprehensive analysis of the mental and behavioral consequences of paternal incarceration for children which increase the risk of anxiety, poverty, assault, and aggression. The study examined the emotional and social health of young children visiting incarcerated parents and the long term possible impacts. The author also expressed great value in research about children of incarcerated parents due to limited research on this population of people. Furthermore, the author concluded young children are not often talk to about their feelings towards losing parents to prison which leads to issues with coping and addressing challenges. Data and studies included in this article are beneficial to the topic when understanding the impacts of both maternal and paternal incarceration on young children. Reference Geller, A., Cooper, C. E., Garfinkel, I., Schwartz-Soicher, O., & Mincy, R. B. (2011). Beyond Absenteeism: Father Incarceration and Child Development. Demography, 49(1), 49–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-011-0081-9 Permalink https://eds-a-ebscohost-com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/eds/detail/detail?vid=2&sid=51d3cc38-7c8a-4a05-b504-836250d9c616%40sessionmgr4007&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#AN=71107415&db=bth Annotation Research on the relationship between young children well-being and paternal incarceration was reviewed by the authors using vigorous methods to find evidence and effects. Using convenience samples and cross-sectional this study shows that children of urban families with absent fathers due to incarceration are far more negative impacted. The research conducted measured and defined a number of degrees of pre-incarceration child development and family fixed outcomes. The study also provided evidence of impact among young children through disruption of parent-child bonds, negative consequences due to limited visitation, decrease in household resources, substantial changes, and high risk of separation, divorce, and conflict. In general, studies of this paternal incarceration have limitations due to sample sizing and lack of questioning of young children and their feelings towards the paternal absence. This research is a comprehensive analysis using administrative data to evaluate the mental and behavioral outcomes of young children experiencing paternal incarceration. Reference Murray, J., & Murray, L. (2010). Parental incarceration, attachment and child psychopathology. Attachment & Human Development, 12(4), 289–309. https://doi.org/10.1080/14751790903416889 Permalink https://eds-a-ebscohost-com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/eds/detail/detail?vid=2&sid=f7d4a00d-c90a-45d9-9b8c-f496038f8dd9%40sdc-v-sessmgr03&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#AN=000279221400002&db=edswss Annotation This thorough research investigation focus upon the parental incarceration and long-lasting psychopathology, emotional, behavioral, and social outcomes of children. The analysis contented long term tracking of children, representative samples, and control groups to evaluate crime, depression, and antisocial behavior among children whom experienced parental incarceration. Complex problems face children at a higher risk to experience maternal incarceration when compared to fathers absent due to incarceration studies concluded. Researchers have detailed study the impact of parental incarceration on children and their involvement in criminal offending as a result. The results concluded that although parental incarceration has an impact on children risk of criminal offending, maternal incarceration has a stronger risk of impacting and influencing children risk of offending. The authors were successful in finding complex difficulties that are more impactful for children that experience paternal incarceration such as stigma, aggression, separation of siblings, attachment insecurities, anxiety, antisocial outcomes, higher risk of poverty, and conflict with rejection. This article contains information and data useful to the concept of the study. Reference Uggen, C. & Mcelrath S. (2014). PARENTAL INCARCERATION : WHAT WE KNOW AND WHERE WE NEED TO GO. Families, Systems, & Health, 32(3), 361–363. https://doi.org/10.1037/fsh0000074 Permalink https://eds-a-ebscohost-com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/eds/detail/detail?vid=1&sid=85a731b0-4f3a-41a4-9cdf-b4e6ce12d8a3%40sdc-v-sessmgr02&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#AN=edsjsr.44113401&db=edsjsr Annotation This study examined the relationship between incarcerated parents and child well-being. Incarceration of a parent while is impactful, maternal incarnation is more impactful because more children were indicated to leave with the mother before the separation due to incarceration. The authors found that the experience of separation due to prison or jail time can have long term impacts on young causing anxiety, increase risk of delinquent behavior, depression, and aggression. It also explored the parent-child relationship before, during, and after parental incarceration. Importantly, there are short and long term behavioral, social, and emotional impacts when coping with an incarcerated parent. Future research is discussed applying emphasis on the over representation and concentration of African Americans parental incarceration. This article analyzes the impacts and levels of risk factors facing children of incarcerated parents. The child’s relationship with the incarcerated parent can cause aggression, depression, anxiety, and many other internalizing effects. Reference Wildeman, C. (2010). Paternal Incarceration and Children’s Physically Aggressive Behaviors: Evidence from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study. Social Forces, 89(1), 285–309. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2010.0055 Permalink https://eds-b-ebscohost-com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/eds/detail/detail?vid=2&sid=c7c8c059-13a0-47a2-ab5b-25feaf1b38d3%40pdc-v-sessmgr05&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#AN=edsjsr.40927563&db=edsjsr Annotation The author, discuss the relationship between young children aggression and involvement in criminal offending due to exposure to parental incarceration through mass incarceration. Using the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, this study shows the effects of paternal incarceration on young child aggression levels, which suggest that boys would be highly impacted experiencing high risk of aggression and criminal offending. Mapping, in this context, provides representative data showing the disadvantage and higher risk of African American children experiencing the alarmingly increasing paternal incarceration rate. The results demonstrate negative impacts on child wellbeing when experiencing the possible outcomes of children having an incarcerated father such as visitation, phone communication, and absence causing long lasting results. The detailed article provided evidence that suggests mass incarceration and the absence of parents especially fathers is damaging to children and communities. Black communities are disproportionately represented and children are at risk of a ripple effect of criminal offending, aggression, and depression. Christopher Wildeman is effective and thorough in style while engaging the audience. His article is far-reaching the information and data necessary for the topic. Annotated Bibliography Brookes, L. (2018). Why we need to listen to children of prisoners. European Journal of Education, 53(3), 271–274. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejed.12278 This article contains data on the overwhelming number of children effected by parental incarceration. The author discussed raising parenteral incarceration rates and the negative impact on young. The author used linked organized data and very rigorous methods, to present evidence that shows that children with incarcerated parents are often not question by government officials, recognized, or properly counted. This is an extremely comprehensive analysis of the mental and behavioral consequences of paternal incarceration for children which increase the risk of anxiety, poverty, assault, and aggression. The study examined the emotional and social health of young children visiting incarcerated parents and the long term possible impacts. The author also expressed great value in research about children of incarcerated parents due to limited research on this population of people. Furthermore, the author concluded young children are not often talk to about their feelings towards losing parents to prison which leads to issues with coping and addressing challenges. Data and studies included in this article are beneficial to the topic when understanding the impacts of both maternal and paternal incarceration on young children. Geller, A., Cooper, C. E., Garfinkel, I., Schwartz-Soicher, O., & Mincy, R. B. (2011). Beyond Absenteeism: Father Incarceration and Child Development. Demography, 49(1), 49–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-011-0081-9 Research on the relationship between young children well-being and paternal incarceration was reviewed by the authors using vigorous methods to find evidence and effects. Using convenience samples and cross-sectional this study shows that children of urban families with absent fathers due to incarceration are far more negative impacted. The research conducted measured and defined a number of degrees of pre-incarceration child development and family fixed outcomes. The study also provided evidence of impact among young children through disruption of parent-child bonds, negative consequences due to limited visitation, decrease in household resources, substantial changes, and high risk of separation, divorce, and conflict. In general, studies of this paternal incarceration have limitations due to sample sizing and lack of questioning of young children and their feelings towards the paternal absence. This research is a comprehensive analysis using administrative data to evaluate the mental and behavioral outcomes of young children experiencing paternal incarceration. Murray, J., & Murray, L. (2010). Parental incarceration, attachment and child psychopathology. Attachment & Human Development, 12(4), 289–309. https://doi.org/10.1080/14751790903416889 This thorough research investigation focus upon the parental incarceration and long-lasting psychopathology, emotional, behavioral, and social outcomes of children. The analysis contented long term tracking of children, representative samples, and control groups to evaluate crime, depression, and antisocial behavior among children whom experienced parental incarceration. Complex problems face children at a higher risk to experience maternal incarceration when compared to fathers absent due to incarceration studies concluded. Researchers have detailed study the impact of parental incarceration on children and their involvement in criminal offending as a result. The results concluded that although parental incarceration has an impact on children risk of criminal offending, maternal incarceration has a stronger risk of impacting and influencing children risk of offending. The authors were successful in finding complex difficulties that are more impactful for children that experience paternal incarceration such as stigma, aggression, separation of siblings, attachment insecurities, anxiety, antisocial outcomes, higher risk of poverty, and conflict with rejection. This article contains information and data useful to the concept of the study. Uggen, C. & Mcelrath S. (2014). PARENTAL INCARCERATION: WHAT WE KNOW AND WHERE WE NEED TO GO. Families, Systems, & Health, 32(3), 361–363. https://doi.org/10.1037/fsh0000074 This study examined the relationship between incarcerated parents and child well-being. Incarceration of a parent while is impactful, maternal incarnation is more impactful because more children were indicated to leave with the mother before the separation due to incarceration. The authors found that the experience of separation due to prison or jail time can have long term impacts on young causing anxiety, increase risk of delinquent behavior, depression, and aggression. It also explored the parent-child relationship before, during, and after parental incarceration. Importantly, there are short and long term behavioral, social, and emotional impacts when coping with an incarcerated parent. Future research is discussed applying emphasis on the over representation and concentration of African Americans parental incarceration. This article analyzes the impacts and levels of risk factors facing children of incarcerated parents. The child’s relationship with the incarcerated parent can cause aggression, depression, anxiety, and many other internalizing effects. Wildeman, C. (2010). Paternal Incarceration and Children’s Physically Aggressive Behaviors: Evidence from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study. Social Forces, 89(1), 285–309. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2010.0055 The author, discuss the relationship between young children aggression and involvement in criminal offending due to exposure to parental incarceration through mass incarceration. Using the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, this study shows the effects of paternal incarceration on young child aggression levels, which suggest that boys would be highly impacted experiencing, high risk of aggression and criminal offending. Mapping, in this context, provides representative data showing the disadvantage and higher risk of African American children experiencing the alarmingly increasing paternal incarceration rate. The results demonstrate negative impacts on child wellbeing when experiencing the possible outcomes of children having an incarcerated father such as visitation, phone communication, and absence causing long lasting results. The detailed article provided evidence that suggests mass incarceration and the absence of parents especially fathers is damaging to children and communities. Black communities are disproportionately represented and children are at risk of a ripple effect of criminal offending, aggression, and depression. Christopher Wildeman is effective and thorough in style while engaging the audience. His article is far-reaching the information and data necessary for the topic.
Read at least 10 peer-reviewed articles. Provide the following for each source that you are adding to the document: The APA-formatted citation.A brief annotation of the key points of the source.An ind
Runni ng he ad: S HORTEN ED T IT LE 1 Effe cts of Pare nt al I nc arc era tion on Y oung Childr en N am e Unive rs ity A ugus t 30, 2020 TIT LE G OES H ER E 2 Lit e rat ure R evi ew R esou rces O ne of the m ost i m por ta nt aspe cts of your rese arc h w ill be how you or ganize your resour ces. R efW orks is a n opt iona l c ita tion m ana gement sof tw are t ool you c an s ign up t o use t ha t he lps or ga nize your cita tions . To find out more a bout how to s ign up f or your fre e, op tion al R efW orks account , revi ew the inf ormation he re : ht tp: //libgui des.gc u.edu/ re fw or ks ande ndnot e . N um b er A rtic le I nf ormation: Be s ur e e nt rie s ar e pr ese nt ed i n al phabe tic al or der. A dde d to R efW o rks ? Y or N (op tion al ) 1. Refe re nc e Brooke s, L . (2018) . Why w e ne ed t o lis te n t o c hildr en of pris one rs . E ur ope an Jour nal of Educ ation , 53 ( 3) , 271–274. ht tps ://doi .org/10.1 111/ eje d.12278 Y P erm alink h ttp s://e d s-b -e b sc o host-c o m .l o pes.i d m .o clc .o rg /e d s/d eta il/d eta il? v id =2& sid =e7 62f3 be-7 e9 f-4 993-b 2d0-9 6c6 b5600ab 4% 40se ssio nm gr1 01& bdata = Jn N pdG U9Z W RzL W xpdm Um c2 N vcG U9c2 l0 Z Q % 3d% 3d#A N=ed sg cl.5 50973001& db=ed sg ao A nnot ation T hi s a rtic le c ont ains da ta on t he ove rw he lm ing num ber of chi ldr en e ffe cte d by pa re nt al i nc arc era tion. T he aut hor disc us se d r ais ing pa re nt era l i nc arc era tion r a te s a nd t he ne gative im pa ct on young. T he aut hor used l inke d or ganized da ta a nd ve ry r igor ous methods , to pr ese nt evi de nce t ha t s how s t ha t c hi ldr en w ith inc arc era te d pa re nt s a re of te n not question by gove rnm ent of fic ia ls , re cogni zed, or prope rly c ount ed. T his i s a n e xtre m ely c om prehe nsive ana lys is of the m ent al a nd be havior al c ons eque nces of pa te rna l i nc arc era tion f or chi ldr en w hich i ncre ase t he ris k of anxi ety , pove rty , a ssa ul t, a nd a ggression. T he study e xamine d t he em otiona l a nd s ocia l he alth of young c hildr en vi siting inc arc era te d pa re nt s a nd t he long t erm pos sibl e i m pa cts . T he aut hor als o e xpr esse d gr eat va lue in r ese arc h a bout chi ldr en of inc arc era te d pa re nt s due to lim ite d r ese arc h on t his popul ation of peopl e. F urthe rm or e, t he aut hor conc lude d young c hildr en a re not ofte n t alk t o a bout the ir f eelings tow ards los ing pa re nt s t o pr is on w hich l eads to i ssue s w ith c opi ng a nd addressing c ha lle nge s. D ata a nd s tudi es i nc lude d in this a rtic le a re be nefic ia l t o t he topi c whe n unde rs ta ndi ng t he im pa cts of bot h mate rna l a nd pa te rna l i nc arc era tion on young c hildr en. 2. R efe re nc e Y TIT LE G OES H ER E 3 G elle r, A ., C oope r, C . E., G arfinke l, I ., S chw artz -S oi che r, O ., & Minc y, R . B. (201 1). B eyond A bsent eeis m : F athe r I nc arc era tion a nd C hild D eve lopm ent . Dem ogra phy , 49 (1) , 49–76. https ://doi .org/10.1007/ s13524- 011-0081- 9 Perm alink h ttp s://e d s-a -e b sc o host-c o m .l o pes.i d m .o clc .o rg /e d s/d eta il/d eta il? v id =2& sid =51d3cc3 8-7 c8 a-4 a0 5-b 504-8 36250d9c6 16% 40se ssio nm gr4 007& bdata = Jn N pdG U9Z W RzL W xpdm Um c2 N vcG U9c2 l0 Z Q % 3d% 3d#A N=71107415& db=bth A nnot ation R ese arc h on t he rela tions hip be tw een young c hildr en w ell- be ing a nd pa te rna l inc arc era tion w as r evi ew ed by t he aut hor s us ing vi gorous methods to f ind e vi de nce a nd e ffe cts . U sing c onve nienc e s am ples a nd c ros s-s e ctiona l t hi s study s hows t ha t c hi ldr en of urban f am ilie s w ith a bsent fathe rs due to inc arc era tion a re f ar m ore ne gative im pa cte d. T he rese arc h c onduc te d m easur ed a nd de fine d a num ber of de grees of pre-inc arc era tion c hild de velopm ent and f am ily f ixe d out com es. T he study a ls o pr ovided e vide nce of im pa ct a m ong young c hildr en t hrough di srupt ion of pare nt -c hi ld bonds , negative cons eque nces due to l im ite d vi sita tion, de cre ase i n hous ehol d re sour ces, s ubs ta nt ia l c ha nge s, a nd hi gh ris k of sepa ra tion, di vorce, a nd conf lic t. I n ge nera l, s tudi es of thi s pa te rna l i nc arc era tion ha ve lim ita tions due to s am ple s iz ing a nd lack of que stioni ng of young c hildr en a nd t heir f eelings tow ards the pa te rna l a bs enc e. T his r ese arc h i s a com prehe nsive ana lys is us ing a dm ini str a tive da ta t o e valua te t he m ent al a nd be havior al out com es of young chi ldr en e xpe rie nc ing pa te rna l i nc arc era tion. 3. R efe re nc e Murra y, J ., & Murra y, L . (2010) . Pare nt al i nc arc era tion, a tta chm ent and c hild ps yc hopa thol ogy . Atta ch ment & H um an D eve lo pm ent , 1 2 (4) , 289–309. ht tps ://doi .org/10.1080/ 14751790903416889 Y Perm alink h ttp s://e d s-a -e b sc o host-c o m .l o pes.i d m .o clc .o rg /e d s/d eta il/d eta il? v id =2& sid =f7 d4a0 0d-c 9 0 a-4 5d9-9 b8c-f4 96038f8 dd9% 40sd c-v -s e ssm gr0 3& bdata = Jn N pdG U9Z W RzL W xpdm Um c2 N vcG U9c2 l0 Z Q % 3d% 3d#A N=000279221400002& db=ed sw ss A nnot ation T hi s t hor ough r ese arc h i nve stiga tion f ocus upon t he pa re nt al i nc arc era tion a nd long- la sting ps ychopa thol ogy , emotiona l, be havior al, a nd s ocia l out com es of c hi ldr en. T he ana lys is c ont ent ed l ong t erm tra cki ng of chi ldr en, r epr ese nt ative s a m ples, a nd c ontrol gr oups to e valua te c rim e, de pression, a nd antis oc ia l be havior am ong c hildr en w hom expe rie nc ed pa re nt al i nc arc era tion. C omplex pr obl em s f ace c hi ldr en a t a hi ghe r r is k t o e xpe rie nc e m ate rna l i nc arc era tion w he n c om pare d t o f athe rs a bs ent due to i ncarc era tion s tudi es c onc lude d. Rese arc he rs ha ve de ta ile d s tudy t he im pa ct of pa re nt al i nc arc era tion on c hi ldr en a nd t heir i nvol vement in c rim ina l of fe ndi ng a s a resul t. T he resul ts c onc lude d that a lthough pa re nt al i nc arc era tion ha s a n i mpa ct on c hildr en r is k TIT LE G OES H ER E 4 of crim ina l of fe ndi ng, m ate rna l i nc arc era tion ha s a str onge r r is k of im pa cting a nd i nflue ncing c hildr en r is k of offe ndi ng. T he aut hor s w ere s uc cessful in findi ng c omplex di ffic ul tie s t ha t a re m ore i m pa ctf ul for chi ldr en t hat expe rie nc e pa te rna l i nc arc era tion s uch a s s tigm a, a ggr ession, s epa ra tion of s ibl ings , atta chm ent ins ecur itie s, a nxi ety , a ntis oc ia l out com es, hi ghe r r is k of pove rty , a nd c onflic t w ith r eje ction. T his a rtic le c ont ains inf ormation a nd da ta us eful to t he conc ept of the study . 4. Refe re nc e Ugge n, C . & Mcelr a th S . (2014) . PA REN TA L IN CA RCER ATIO N: W HAT W E K NOW A ND W HER E W E N EED T O G O . Fam ilie s, Sy ste m s, & H eal th , 32 ( 3) , 361–363. https ://doi .org/10.1037/ fs h0000074 Y P erm alink h ttp s://e d s-a -e b sc o host-c o m .l o pes.i d m .o clc .o rg /e d s/d eta il/d eta il? v id =1& sid =85a7 31b0-4 f3 a -4 1a4 -9 cd f-b 4e6 ce1 2d8a3 % 40sd c-v -s e ssm gr0 2& bdata = Jn N pdG U9Z W RzL W xpdm Um c2 N vcG U9c2 l0 Z Q % 3d% 3d#A N=ed sjs r.4 4113401& db=ed sjs r A nnot ation T hi s s tudy e xamine d t he rela tions hip be tw een i ncarc era te d pa re nt s a nd c hild w ell- be ing. I ncarc era tion of a pa re nt w hile i s i m pa ctf ul , m ate rna l i nc arna tion i s mor e i m pa ctf ul be caus e m ore c hi ldr en w ere i ndi cate d t o leave w ith t he m othe r befor e t he sepa ra tion due to i ncarc era tion. T he aut hor s f ound t hat t he expe rie nc e of sepa ra tion due to pr is on or jail t im e c an ha ve long t erm im pa cts on young c aus ing a nxiety , i nc re ase r is k of delinque nt be havior, de pression, a nd a ggression. I t a ls o e xpl ored t he pa re nt -c hi ld r ela tions hip be for e, dur ing, a nd a fte r pa re nt al i nc arc era tion. I mpor ta nt ly , t he re a re s hor t a nd l ong t erm be havior al, s oc ia l, a nd e motiona l i m pa cts w hen c opi ng w ith a n incarc era te d pa re nt . F utur e r ese arc h i s di sc us se d a ppl ying e mpha sis on t he ove r re pr ese nt ation a nd concent ra tion of Afric an A meric ans pa re nt al i nc arc era tion. T hi s a rtic le a na lyz es t he im pa cts a nd l eve ls of ris k f actor s f acing c hildr en of inc arc era te d pa re nt s. T he chi ld’ s r ela tions hip w ith t he inc arc era te d pa re nt can caus e a ggr ession, de pression, a nxiety , a nd m any ot her i nt erna liz ing e ffe cts . 5. R efe re nc e Wilde man, C . (2010) . Pate rna l I nc arc era tion a nd C hildr en’ s P hys ic ally A ggr essive Beha vior s: E vide nce f rom the Fra gi le F am ilie s a nd C hild W ellbe ing S tudy . Soci al F orce s , 89 (1) , 285–309. https ://doi .org/10.1353/ sof .2010.0055 Y Perm alink h ttp s://e d s-b -e b sc o host-c o m .l o pes.i d m .o clc .o rg /e d s/d eta il/d eta il? v id =2& sid =c7 c8 c0 59-1 3a 0-4 7a2 -a b 5b-2 5fe af1 b38d3% 40pdc-v -s e ssm gr0 5& bdata = Jn N pdG U9Z W RzL W xpdm Um c2 N vcG U9c2 l0 Z Q % 3d% 3d#A N=ed sjs r.4 0927563& db=ed sjs r A nnot ation T he aut hor , disc us s t he rela tions hip be tw een young c hildr en a ggr ession a nd invol vement in c rim ina l of fe ndi ng due to e xpos ure t o pa re nt al i nc arc era tion TIT LE G OES H ER E 5 thr ough m ass i nc arc era tion. U sing t he Fra gi le F am ilie s a nd C hild W ellbe ing S tudy , this s tudy s hows t he effe cts of pa te rna l i nc arc era tion on young c hild a ggr ession l eve ls , w hich s ugge st t ha t boys woul d be highl y impa cte d expe rie nc ing hi gh ris k of aggr ession a nd crim ina l of fe ndi ng. M appi ng, i n this cont ext , pr ovides r epr ese nt ative da ta s how ing t he di sa dva ntage and hi gher r is k of A fric an A meric an c hildr en e xpe rie nc ing t he ala rm ingl y incre asing pa te rna l inc arc era tion r ate . T he resul ts de mons tr a te ne gative im pa cts on c hild w ellbe ing w he n e xpe rie nc ing t he pos sibl e out com es of chi ldr en ha ving a n incarc era te d fa the r s uc h a s vi sita tion, phone com muni cation, a nd absenc e c aus ing l ong la sting r esul ts . T he de ta ile d a rtic le pr ovi ded e vide nce t ha t s ugge sts m ass inc arc era tion a nd the abs enc e of pa re nt s e spe cia lly f athe rs i s da magi ng t o chi ldr en a nd c ommuni tie s. B la ck c om muni tie s a re di spr opor tiona te ly r e pr ese nt ed a nd c hildr en a re a t r is k of a rippl e e ffe ct of crim ina l of fe ndi ng, aggr ession, a nd de pression. C hris tophe r W ilde man i s e ffe ctive and t horough i n styl e w hile e nga ging t he audi enc e. H is a rtic le i s f ar-re achi ng t he inf ormation a nd da ta ne cessa ry f or the topi c. TIT LE G OES H ER E 6 A nnot ate d B ibl iogr aphy B rooke s, L . (2018) . Why w e ne ed t o lis te n t o c hildr en of pris one rs . E ur ope an J ournal of Educ ation , 53 ( 3) , 271–274. ht tps ://doi .org/10.1 111/ eje d.12278 T hi s a rtic le c ont ains da ta on t he ove rw he lm ing num ber of chi ldr en e ffe cte d by pa re nt al inc arc era tion. T he aut hor disc us se d r ais ing pa re nt era l i nc arc era tion r ate s a nd t he ne gative im pa ct on young. T he aut hor used l inke d or ganized da ta a nd ve ry r igor ous methods , to pr ese nt evi de nce tha t s how s t ha t c hi ldr en w ith i ncarc era te d pa re nt s a re of te n not question by gove rnm ent of fic ia ls , re cogni zed, or prope rly c ount ed. T his i s a n e xtre m ely c om prehe nsive ana lys is of the m ent al a nd be havior al c ons eque nces of pa te rna l i nc arc era tion f or chi ldr en w hich i ncre ase t he ris k of anxi ety , pove rty , a ssa ul t, a nd a ggression. T he study e xamine d t he em otiona l a nd s ocia l he alth of young chi ldr en vi siting i ncarc era te d pa re nt s a nd t he long t erm pos sibl e i m pa cts . T he aut hor als o e xpr esse d gr eat va lue in r ese arc h a bout chi ldr en of inc arc era te d pa re nt s due to l im ite d r ese arc h on t his popul ation of peopl e. F urthe rm or e, t he aut hor conc lude d young c hildr en a re not ofte n t alk t o a bout the ir f eelings tow ards los ing pa re nt s t o pr is on w hich l eads to i ssue s w ith c opi ng a nd addressing c ha lle nge s. D ata a nd s tudi es i nc lude d in this a rtic le a re be nefic ia l t o t he topi c w hen unde rs ta ndi ng the im pa cts of bot h mate rna l a nd pa te rna l i nc arc era tion on young c hildr en. G elle r, A ., C oope r, C . E., G arfinke l, I ., S chw artz -S oi che r, O ., & Minc y, R . B. (201 1). B eyond A bs ent eeis m : F athe r I nc arc era tion a nd C hild D eve lopm ent . Dem ogra phy , 49 (1) , 49–76. https ://doi .org/10.1007/ s13524- 011-0081- 9 Rese arc h on t he rela tions hip be tw een young c hildr en w ell- be ing a nd pa te rna l inc arc era tion w as r evi ew ed by t he aut hor s us ing vi gorous methods to f ind e vide nce a nd e ffe cts . U sing c onve nienc e s am ples a nd c ros s-s e ctiona l t hi s s tudy s hows t ha t c hi ldr en of urban f am ilie s TIT LE G OES H ER E 7 w ith a bsent fathe rs due to i ncarc era tion a re f ar m ore ne gative im pa cte d. T he rese arc h c onduc te d m easur ed a nd de fine d a num ber of de grees of pre-inc arc era tion c hild de velopm ent and f am ily f ixe d out com es. T he study a ls o pr ovided e vide nce of im pa ct a m ong young c hildr en t hrough di srupt ion of pa re nt -c hi ld bonds , negative cons eque nces due to l im ite d vi sita tion, de cre ase i n hous ehol d re sour ces, s ubs ta nt ia l c ha nge s, a nd hi gh ris k of sepa ra tion, di vorce, a nd c onflic t. I n ge nera l, s tudi es of thi s pa te rna l i nc arc era tion ha ve lim ita tions due to s am ple s iz ing a nd lack of que stioni ng of young c hildr en a nd t heir f eelings tow ards the pa te rna l a bs enc e. T his r ese arc h i s a com prehe nsive a na lys is us ing a dmini str a tive da ta t o e valua te t he m ent al a nd be havior al out com es of young chi ldr en e xpe rie nc ing pa te rna l i nc arc era tion. M urra y, J ., & Murra y, L . (2010) . Pare nt al i nc arc era tion, a tta chm ent and c hild ps yc hopa thol ogy . Atta ch ment & H um an D eve lo pm ent , 1 2 (4) , 289–309. https ://doi .org/10.1080/ 14751790903416889 This t hor ough r ese arc h i nve stiga tion f ocus upon t he pa re nt al i nc arc era tion a nd long- la sting ps ychopa thol ogy , emotiona l, be havior al, a nd s ocia l out com es of chi ldr en. T he ana lys is c ont ent ed l ong t erm tra cki ng of chi ldr en, r epr ese nt ative sam ples, a nd cont rol gr oups to e valua te c rim e, de pression, a nd antis oc ia l be havior am ong c hildr en w hom expe rie nc ed pa re nt al i nc arc era tion. C omplex pr oblem s f ace c hi ldr en a t a hi ghe r ris k t o e xpe rie nc e m ate rna l i nc arc era tion w hen c om pare d t o f athe rs a bs ent due to inc arc era tion s tudi es c onc lude d. R ese arc he rs ha ve de ta ile d s tudy t he im pa ct of pa re nt al inc arc era tion on c hildr en a nd t heir i nvol vement in c rim ina l of fe ndi ng a s a resul t. T he re sul ts c onc lude d that a lthough pa re nt al i nc arc era tion ha s a n i mpa ct on c hildr en r is k of c rim ina l of fe ndi ng, m ate rna l i nc arc era tion ha s a str onge r r is k of im pa cting a nd TIT LE G OES H ER E 8 inf lue ncing c hildr en r is k of offe ndi ng. T he aut hor s w ere s uc cessful in f indi ng c omplex di ffic ul tie s t ha t a re m ore i m pa ctf ul for chi ldr en t hat e xpe rie nc e pa te rna l i nc arc era tion s uc h a s s tigm a, a ggr ession, s epa ra tion of sibl ings , atta chm ent ins ecur itie s, a nxi ety , ant is oc ia l out com es, hi ghe r r is k of pove rty , a nd c onflic t w ith r eje ction. T his a rtic le c ont ains inf ormation a nd da ta us eful to t he conc ept of the study . Ugge n, C . & Mcelr a th S . (2014) . PA REN TA L IN CA RCER ATIO N: W HAT W E K NOW A ND W HER E W E N EED T O G O . Fam ilie s, Sy ste m s, & Heal th , 32 ( 3) , 361–363. https ://doi .org/10.1037/ fs h0000074 T hi s s tudy e xamine d t he rela tions hip be tw een i ncarc era te d pa re nt s a nd c hild w ell- be ing. I ncarc era tion of a pa re nt w hile i s i m pa ctf ul , m ate rna l i nc arna tion i s m ore i m pa ctf ul be caus e m ore c hi ldr en w ere i ndi cate d t o leave w ith t he m othe r be for e t he sepa ra tion due to inc arc era tion. T he aut hor s f ound t hat t he expe rie nc e of sepa ra tion due to pr is on or jail t im e c an ha ve long t erm im pa cts on young c aus ing a nxiety , i nc re ase r is k of delinque nt be havior, de pression, a nd a ggression. I t a ls o e xpl ored t he pa re nt -c hi ld r ela tions hip be for e, dur ing, a nd afte r pa re nt al inc arc era tion. I mpor ta nt ly , t he re a re s hor t a nd l ong t erm be havior al, s oc ia l, a nd e motiona l i m pa cts w he n c opi ng w ith a n incarc era te d pa re nt . F utur e r ese arc h i s di sc us se d a ppl ying e mpha sis on t he over r epr ese nt ation a nd concent ra tion of Afric an A meric ans pa re nt al i nc arc era tion. T hi s a rtic le a na lyz es t he im pa cts a nd l eve ls of ris k f actor s f acing c hildr en of inc arc era te d pa re nt s. T he chi ld’ s re la tions hip w ith t he inc arc era te d pa re nt can c aus e a ggr ession, de pression, a nxiety , a nd m any ot her int erna liz ing e ffe cts . TIT LE G OES H ER E 9 W ilde man, C . (2010) . Pate rna l I nc arc era tion a nd C hildr en’ s P hys ic ally A ggressive Beha vior s: E vi de nce f rom the Fra gi le F am ilie s a nd C hild W ellbe ing S tudy . Soci al F orce s , 89 (1) , 285–309. https ://doi .org/10.1353/ sof .2010.0055 The aut hor , disc us s t he rela tions hip be tw een young c hildr en a ggr ession a nd invol vement in c rim ina l of fe ndi ng due to e xpos ure t o pa re nt al i nc arc era tion t hrough m ass inc arc era tion. U sing t he Fra gi le F am ilie s a nd C hild W ellbe ing S tudy , this s tudy s hows t he effe cts of pa te rna l i nc arc era tion on young c hild a ggr ession l eve ls , w hich s ugge st t ha t boys woul d be highl y impa cte d e xpe rie nc ing, hi gh ris k of aggr ession a nd crim ina l of fe ndi ng. M appi ng, i n this cont ext , pr ovides r epr ese nt ative da ta s how ing t he di sa dva ntage and hi gher r is k of Afric an A meric an c hildr en e xpe rie nc ing t he ala rm ingl y incre asing pa te rna l i nc arc era tion r ate . T he resul ts de mons tr a te ne gative im pa cts on c hild w ellbe ing w hen e xpe rie nc ing t he pos sibl e out com es of c hi ldr en ha ving a n incarc era te d f athe r s uc h a s vi sita tion, phone com muni cation, a nd absenc e caus ing l ong l asting r esul ts . T he de ta ile d a rtic le pr ovi ded e vide nce t ha t s ugge sts m ass i nc arc era tion a nd t he abs enc e of pa re nt s e spe cia lly f athe rs i s da magi ng t o childr en a nd c ommuni tie s. B la ck com muni tie s a re di spr opor tiona te ly r epr ese nt ed a nd c hildr en a re a t r is k of a rippl e e ffe ct of crim ina l offe ndi ng, a ggression, a nd de pression. C hris tophe r W ilde man i s e ffe ctive and t horough i n styl e while e nga ging t he audi enc e. H is a rtic le i s f ar-re achi ng t he inf ormation a nd da ta ne cessa ry f or the topi c.